The United National Human Development - 1321 Words

The traditional business model remains outdated as major problems are continuing to grow: water usage, climate change, increasing populations, human trafficking, poverty, hunger, etc†¦. According to International Labour Organization, more than 21 million victims are sold into today’s $150 billion market for sex and labor. In 2010, UNICEF reported almost 22,000 children die each day due to poverty. A United National Human Development Report revealed that approximately 1.1 billion people in developing countries have inadequate access to water. These findings are only a few to the long list of issues that needs to be addressed and solutions are needed now more than ever. Corporations address these issues by donating money, products, or services to charities – a temporary solution, but between the need to satisfy investors who want to maximize short-term profits and critics who demand higher levels of social responsibility, companies can only give so much before having to justify the charitable expenditures against their needs as a company. For example, Avon Products launched a door-to-door campaign to raise more than $32 million to fund breast cancer prevention by mobilizing its 400,000 independent sales representative. The cause has significant meaning to its target market of female customers and in order to conduct effective fundraising, there was a deep price tag. Although the company gained favorable publicity, the company was too focused on â€Å"the public relationShow MoreRelatedIndonesias Human Development Strategies939 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ In order to maintain a vibrant and fully functioning national economy, industrialized countries across the globe strive to create a manufacturing infrastructure capable of producing quality products for global export. From timber and cotton in the 19th century to mechanized goods and tools in decades after, the United States has always positioned itself as one of the most productive nations on the planet, building and shipping on a monumental scale to serve the ceaseless cycle of supply andRead MoreLegal Issues Regarding Stem Cell Research1666 Words   |  7 PagesStem Cell Research Legislation and Legal Issues: A stem cell can be described as the primary building block of the human body and have become important because of its ability to develop into a different cell type. Due to this ability to develop into different cell types, scientists have continued to build up ways to use stem cells to renew or repair damaged tissues or organs. As a result of such efforts, its expected that stem cell research can contribute to the discovery of new therapies forRead MoreHuman Development Index1635 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic used to rank countries by level of human development and separate very high human development, high human development, medium human development, and low human development countries. The Human Development Index (HDI) is a comparative measure of life expectancy, literacy, education and standards of living for countries worldwide. It is a standard means of measuring well-being, especially child welfare. It is used toRead MoreThe Characteristics Of The Liberal Theory949 Words   |  4 PagesLuisana Zambrano National Profile 2 Based on the characteristics of the liberal theory, which highlights the ideas of democracy, free trade, multilateral cooperation and a rule-based international society that respects sovereignty and human rights (Introduction to Global Politics), to establish an state of freedom and justice, we can clearly identify Japan as a liberal state. I would also divide the liberal theory in four different approaches: first, into the multilateral cooperation and acceptanceRead MoreDeveloping A Economically Developed Countries1649 Words   |  7 Pagescountries. The Human Development index, standard of living as well as the Gross national product of these economies is on the upper level of every chart. According to the International Monetary Fund, advanced economies comprise 60.8% of global nominal GDP and 42.9% of global GDP (PPP) in 2014. COUNTRY KOF INDEX OF GLOBALIZATION HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX GINI COEFFICIENT IRELAND 91.30 0.899 34.3 NETHERLANDS 91.24 0.915 30.9 BELGIUM 91.00 0.881 33.0 UNITED KINGDOM 82.96 0.892 36.0 UNITED STATES OF AMERICARead MoreDigital Technologies are Powerful Tools for Education657 Words   |  3 PagesDigital technologies, radio and TV can be powerful tools for education. Dr. Samuel Chindaro said, â€Å"They can inspire, engage and provide young people with important skills.† Education and human capital are fundamental to the socio-economic development of Zimbabwe. Utilizing information, media and communication technology (ICT) will help Zimbabwe battle their educational problems. ICT includes radio, television, and digital technologies such as computers and the Internet, each are powerful instrumentsRead MoreThe United Nations Conference On Sustainable Development Essay1380 Words   |  6 Pageswomen ïÆ'Ëœ United Nations Conference On Sustainable Development 2012 The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (â€Å"Rio+20†) brought Heads of State and Government to Brazil in 2012, to appraise progress in the implementation of agreements struck since the landmark 1992 United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro. At â€Å"Rio+20†, countries renewed their political commitment to sustainable development, agreed to establish a set of sustainable development goalsRead MoreComparison Of American And Chinese Legal Culture1609 Words   |  7 PagesComparison of American and Chinese legal culture Abstract: The legal culture is a national, regional or national basis in certain social and material conditions, the state power by the creation of a common legal system constraints and determine the status of the legal system of values and attitudes in the whole society and culture. Thus, each country has its own unique legal culture. By selecting the most typical American and Chinese legal cultures of two different aspects: the legal standard, comparativeRead MoreNgo Is An Acronym That Means Non Governmental Organization1656 Words   |  7 Pagesorganization. The term comes from the United Nations and, originally, its meaning is broader than private development organization. According to the United Nations, the NGO groups may include service organizations in order to profit foundations, educational institutions, churches and hospitals. However, this name has been accepted by the entire international community to refer more specifically to non-profit organizations involved in international development with various programs abroad, or localRead MoreHow Transnational Corporations Affect the Sovereignty of a Nation?676 Words   |  3 Pagesweaknesses in the territorially guarded national laws. In many developing countries, organizations affiliated to external control have challenged and in some instances threatened government sovereignty. Economically stable countries such as the United States of America, have attempted to extend their influence to other countries of the world through TNC. This situation is what led to governments endorsing the non-interference policy in national political affairs (United Nations, 2003). Interesting to note

Essay on The Metropolitan Man - 3091 Words

The Metropolitan Man In Georg Simmel’s essay, â€Å"The Metropolis and Mental Life† he states, â€Å"the psychological foundation, upon which the metropolitan individuality is erected, is the intensification of emotional life due to the swift and continuous shift and external and internal stimuli† (Highmore 41). In essence Simmel is suggesting that the continuous activity of the metropolis creates a shield protecting him from outer stimuli that would exhaust his emotions. But in doing so, his sense of emotional expression becomes unresponsive. Upon examining the metropolitan man Simmel deduces that â€Å"metropolitan life, thus, underlies a heightened awareness and a predominance of intelligence† (Simmel 2). But also leaves the individual less†¦show more content†¦In Simmel’s essay, â€Å"The Metropolis and Mental life†, he sets up an comparative image of rural and urban life, â€Å"with each crossing of the street, with the tempo and multiplicity of economic, occupational and social life, the city sets up a deep contrast with small town and rural life with reference to the sensory foundations of psychic life† (2). The metropolis demands a different type of consciousness than does rural life. The metropolitan man’s life and continually speeding up with little time for emotional growth. The emphasis here rests highly on the intellect and developing a keen understanding of academics and societal regularities, such as art, literature, and fashion. The pace of rural living is much more lethargic. Consequently more time is spent developing deep meaningful relationships with people. As Simmel also points out, a person in the city could spend their whole life not knowing their neighbor, while in the rural areas that would be completely unheard of (6). In essence, individuals in the city rely heavily in the intellect while those in rural areas put a great deal of emphasis on relationships, both of these are means of survival. Over time there has been an evolution of the metropolitan man. In Simmel’s essay, â€Å"The Conflict in Modern Culture† he traces this progress form the early Middle Ages, toShow MoreRelatedEssay On Ethernet895 Words   |  4 PagesEthernet, which has for quite a while been used for neighborhood (LANs), is dynamically being used for metropolitan region systems (MANs). Since it is conspicuous, fundamental, and down to earth, it is getting the chance to be doubtlessly pervasive as a strategies for transporting data in a MAN. A basic for giving different levels of administration in a MAN is the ability to help and keep up benefit level assentions (SLAs). Proper organization of SLAs ensures that customers dont harm their understandingsRead MorePainting Analysis: Yonker Ramp and His Sweetheart by Frans Hals997 Words   |  4 PagesYoung Man and Woman in an Inn (Yonker Ramp and His SweetheartFrans Hals (Dutch, Antwerp 1582/83-1666 Haarlem)Date: 1623Medium: Oi l on canvasDimensions: 41-1/4 by 31-1/4Classification: PaintingsCredit Line: Bequest of Benjamin Altman, 1913Accession Number: 14.40.602Location: Gallery 615, The Metropolitan Museum of ArtRetrieved from http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/110001059Young Man and Woman in an Inn (Yonker Ramp and His SweetheartFrans Hals (Dutch, Antwerp 1582/83-1666Read More A Portrait of a Young Man Essay753 Words   |  4 PagesA Portrait of a Young Man. Portrait of a Young Man was painted by Angolo Bronzino between the years of 1503-1572. The portrait is 37 5/8 by 29  ½ inches and is an oil on wood( Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1999). I picked this painting because of the self assurance, at first glance, of the young man that is depicted. This appealed to me because it reflected my own attitude. After studying the portrait for a considerable amount of time I began to see possible sadness orRead MoreTiziano Vecellio: Titian1133 Words   |  5 Pagesson Cupid is behind her placing a crown on her head. Venus is completely nude except for two bracelets, a necklace, and a small piece of cloth across her thigh. There is a cello next to her and a young man playing the lute while looking at her. There is a sense of movement created by the young man looking at Venus and Venus looking off into the distance. Venus’ body is one of the brightest parts of the painting drawing the viewer’s eye to her body and then to her face, which is looking out of theRead MorePerception Of Authority796 Words   |  4 Pagesbecame a collective journey and eventually being a subject of England was equivalent to being imperialist. For people that could not travel, the guidebook acted as the object of mediation between authority and those it was imposed on (105). At the Metropolitan Muse um, the Egyptian exhibit is also represented under a certain niche monitored by authority. The â€Å"spectator culture† may vary based on prior knowledge, but the carefully fabricated environment showcases how the controller authorizes representationRead MoreThe Gorgon Murderer By Ernst Kirchner1101 Words   |  5 Pagesidea that can be realistic or ideal. In the Metropolitan Museum of Art, I observed a statue of Perseus holding the head of Medusa which I found intriguing. In the mythological story â€Å"Perseus stands naked with a sash and winged sandals, appearing to be the man beheading Medusa was purchased by Countess Valeria Tarnowska of Poland, is a replica of Canova’s famed marble of Perseus in the Vatican, conceived about 1790 and first shown in 1801.† Metropolitan Museum of Art. Museum label for Antonio CanovaRead MoreRacism And Racism By Georg Simmel1527 Words   |  7 Pagesinteraction with humans and comes short/instrumental with emotional and personal involvement in relation to his/her community. â€Å"The psychological foundation, upon which the metropolitan individuality is erected, is the intensification of emotional life due to the swift and continuous shift of external and internal stimuli†¦ Man is a creature whose existence is dependent on differences†¦his mind is stimulated by the differen ce between present impressions and those which have preceded. Lasting impressionsRead MoreNt1210 Unit 2 Assignment1001 Words   |  5 Pagesinterconnects computers within a limited area such as a home, school, computer laboratory, or office building using network media. MAN Metropolitan Area network is a computer network in which two or more computers or communicating devices or networks which are geographically separated but in same metropolitan city and are connected to each other are said to be connected on MAN. PAN personal area network is a computer network used for data transmission among devices such as computers, telephones and personalRead MoreHow The Implementation Of A Client Server743 Words   |  3 Pagesbe consider in setting up this system will have to be the size and the purpose of our network system. After strong consideration we will have to decide on one of the following systems : PAN(personal area network) , LAN (local area network) , MAN(metropolitan area network) , WAN ( wide area network). Personal area network or PAN is commonly used at home , in a small business .Is the easiest to set up and maintain and is very cost effective and very stable and secure. One of the cons of this systemRead MoreRomare Bearden’s Collection Essay1635 Words   |  7 PagesFeatured and organized by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Romare Bearden’s collection is one that appreciates and depicts life for what it really is. Bearden did not like abstract expressionism. Instead, he made many collages depicting life with different perspectives, allowing the viewer to see reality, but also try to figure out the true meaning that Bearden meant to portray in the collage that was not directly seen by just looking at the picture. These collages were made by â€Å"Cut and pasted printed

Differences Between The Success Rate Of Drug Courts

Annotated Outline Research Question: Are there gender differences in the success rate of drug courts? A. History of Drug Courts 1. Brief history of drug courts 2. Where was the first drug court? 3. Explain drug court model 4. Who is eligible for drug court treatment? 5. What happens after successful completion of drug courts 6. Penalties for drug court failure. B. Drug Addictions 1. Are there gender differences in drug addiction? 2. What causes female drug addiction/dependency? 3. What causes male drug addiction/dependency? C. Drug Court Recidivism Rates 1. Female drug offender’s recidivism. 2. Male drug offender’s recidivism. 3. Point out any gender differences that exist? Anabel Rodriguez CJ331-12 October 19, 2014 Literature Review In 1989, the first drug court came into existence in Miami-Dade County, Florida. They emerged in response to demands for change in the criminal justice system because of the War on Drug. (Listwan, Sundt, Holsinger, Latessa, 2003) By 2007, drug courts were established in all 50 states. Statistics show that the prison population of women increased because of the War on drug policies. (Shaffer, Hartman, Listwan, 2009) The drug court model became an alternative to sanctions given to drug offenders. Drug courts address addiction by merging treatment services, judicial monitoring, and probation supervision. (King Pasquarella, 2009; NADCP, 2005; Shaffer, Hartman, Listwan, 2009) There are two kinds of drug court models. The firstShow MoreRelatedComparison of Drug Courts or Cognitive Behavior Therapy to Battle Cocaine Addiction1496 Words   |  6 Pagesthe differences between the effectiveness of drug courts and cognitive behavioral therapy for cocaine addicts. We know that all people r espond differently to therapy than others do, but it is good to be able to find the effectiveness and success rate of cognitive-behavioral therapy, and drug courts overall. But before we jump into the effectiveness of CBT, we need to know what the goal of CBT is and what the process is for CBT. Not only do we need to know the effectiveness and success rates of theseRead MoreMaking A New Type Of Social Justice System863 Words   |  4 PagesForemost, specialty court intervention provides a chance for social workers to promote a new type of social justice. Therapeutic justice principles not only focus on treatment services for criminal offenders, but it also includes promoting autonomy, emphasizing non-paternalism, a volitional choice to change unwanted behavior, and recognizing procedural and distributive justice (Redlich Han, 2014). Promoting therapeutic justice will help fight against the social injustices embedded within the criminalRead MoreEvaluation Of A Juvenile Drug Court P rogram1515 Words   |  7 Pagesstudy will be reviewed. The article is an evaluation of a Juvenile Drug Court Program in Lexington, Kentucky. The data that is coming from the Bureau of Justice suggests that juvenile courts process a higher volume of cases today than at any time in the past (Hayden, 2012) These statistics represent the trend in persistently high rates in use of illegal substances among adolescents in the United States and subsequent juvenile court involvement. [The purpose of this study was to examine these outcomesRead MoreCriminal Behavior And The Justice System Essay1361 Words   |  6 Pages Incarceration rates are extremely costly and the rates of incarceration are alarmingly high in the United States. Individuals engage in criminal behaviors for many reasons. Although the reasons are numerous and vary, the justice system has attempted to narrow down the causes of criminal behavior. The justice system has also put into place specialty courts that are designed to better address these particular causes of criminal behavior. The goal of these courts is to better address the individual’sRead MoreInequality and Redistribution1384 Words   |  5 Pagesproblems for both United States citizens and its economy. The inequality difference is continually getting larger and worsening these problems. Over the past three decades America’s economy has seen continuous growth; but this is accompanied with no increase in purchasing power for poor and middle class citizens. On the other hand, incomes of the richest Americans have dramatically increased, which only furthers the gap between social classes. In 2008, the top one percent of Americans earned overRead MoreThe Japanese Criminal Justice System1203 Words   |  5 PagesFor some time now, the Japanese criminal justice system has been regarded or perceived to be a successful justice system model. The success is mainly attributed to Japan’s culture and even embedded in the language itself (Goold, 2004). The success has drawn interest among criminology scholars and practitioners either for the purpose of broadening their knowledge or to emulate its criminal justice system (Ebbe, 2000). The interest is based on statistical data that indicate low levels of criminalityRead MoreDrug Use And Its Effect On Crime1610 Words   |  7 PagesCrime and drug use in Portugal has been a major issue, however after the government instated decriminalization, the number has decreased. Decriminalization appears to have had a slight positive effect on crime. â€Å"With its recategorization of low level drug possession as an administrative rather than a criminal offence, decriminalization inevitably produced a reduction in the number of people arrested and sent to criminal court for drug offences from over 14,000 in the year 2000, to around 5,500-6Read MoreCompassion Impacts Wayward Youth1619 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile court systems developed in Chicago based on the patriarchal premise that a tough compassionate judge could impact the lives of wayward youths. However, politicians changed this with â€Å"tough on crime† policies for election. Many juvenile criminals became labeled as â€Å"superpredators† and were thus deemed beyond any help and were tried as adults. Fortunately, not everyone in the criminal system believes that juvenile criminals are beyond help. Some of the people that believe that there isRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency : The United States1458 Words   |  6 Pagesbehavior, juvenile delinquency requires high levels of public policy and media attention from professionals located within multiple disciplines in social work, psychology, law and criminal justice. Teenagers being tried as adults have grown in an alarming rate and in some cases, juvenile defendants are as young as twelve and thirteen. This issue raised concern from youth advocate groups on the assumption that our juvenile justice system is failing to accomplish what they are supposed to do, which is to protectRead MoreShould Capital Punishment Be Allowed?1376 Words   |  6 Pagesshould be permitted, its success on reflecting a deterrent effect, and even its morality. Although it is often argued that Capital punishment is appropriate when the crime reaches an egregious extent, the revocatio n of constitutional securities, discrimination within race and income status, as well as the insufficiency to achieve a deterrent effect prevail over the validation of society’s ultimate punishment–the death penalty. In Wilkinson v. Utah (1879), the Supreme Court ruled that capital punishment

Biography of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle - 2523 Words

Although Sir Arthur Conan Doyle is often regarded as just an author, he was much more. His works were inspired by the times and the people he met, and his literary influence remains relevant today. On May 22, 1859 Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle was born in Edinburgh, Scotland to Charles and Mary Doyle. He was their third child, and one of ten children all together. Charles Doyle was a political cartoonist and civil servant who earned only  £300 per year, so money was very tight in the household. Partially due to his father’s alcoholism and mental instability, he and Charles weren’t ever close. However, he and his mother were. Mary was passionate about books and was a gifted storyteller. Charles reflected on this in one of his biographies†¦show more content†¦He also encountered fellow artists such as James Barrie and Robert Louis Stevenson. Two years later, Arthur wrote a short story entitled The Mystery of Sasassa Valley, and it was accepted in the Chamber†™s Journal, an Edinburgh magazine. Soon after, he wrote the story The American Tale which was published in London Society. He said, It was in this year that I first learned that shillings might be earned in other ways than by filling phials. When Arthur turned 20 he was offered a job as surgeon on the whaling boat Hope. He loved the adventure and camaraderie on the barge saying, â€Å"I went on board the whaler a big straggling youth, I came off a powerful well-grown man.† and that the arctic â€Å"awakened the soul of a born wanderer.† These experiences influenced the story Captain of the Pole Star. He went back to the university in 1880 and acquired his Bachelor of Medicine and his Master of Surgery degree. Then he went on the Mayumba, serving as ship’s surgeon again, for his first gainful employment. It navigated between Liverpool and the West Coast of Africa. He found Africa â€Å"detestable† and quite as soon as they were back in England. Facing th e prospect of having to file for bankruptcy, he moved to Portsmouth to open his first practice. He struggled with trying to be a good doctor and become a recognized author. This earned him a fairly decent salary. Though he was busy with medicine and writing he married Louisa Hawking, whom he described asShow MoreRelatedArthur Conan Doyle1369 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"People who are in earnest are always interesting, whether you agree with them or not† (The Chronicles). Doyle may be known as the author of Sherlock Holmes, but there are other facets to his life. On account of some strange events that occurred, Doyle was persuaded into thinking that spiritual beings existed. As Doyle’s career advanced he drew the attention of many to himself. He succeeded both by gaining supporters and detractors. He built on his fame by giving lectures. These aspects of his lifeRead MoreThe Life of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 1090 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"His ignorance was as remarkable as his knowledge† (British†¦). When Sir Arthur Conan Doyle said this, he was not talking about himself, but the statement applied to him. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was born on May 22, 1859, and even though it was not known to his parents, on that day one of the greatest writers of his time was born. Doyle was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, to Mary and Charles Doyle. Arthur Conan Doyle had an interesting and eventful life, though he was born into a financially unstableRead MoreThe Man at 221B Baker Street Essay1518 Words   |  7 Pages221B Baker Street: Rough Draft Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was born, May 22, 1859 (wikipedia.com). He â€Å"was, in fact, one of the most fascinating and complex people of his age. He was an adventurer, a scientist and physician, a crusader for an eclectic and often unpopular set of causes, a deeply spiritual lapsed Catholic, a loyal and faithful husband who waited until after his wife’s death to marry the woman he really loved, and an incredibly versatile writer not only of detective fiction but also ofRead MoreSir Arthur Conan Doyle - The Mastermind Writer1589 Words   |  7 Pages (Avva 1) Dhanush Avva White English 1 3 December 2015 Author Study: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle - The Mastermind Writer The name of Arthur Conan Doyle has become synonymous with classic detective fiction. Doyle is the creator of two of the most well-loved and widely recognized fictional characters of modern literature—the brilliant detective Sherlock Holmes and his faithful friendRead MoreThe Hound of the Baskervilles1303 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Baskervilles, various factors of Arthur Conan Doyle’s early life, popularity, perspective, and status were all expressed in multiple ways. Spiritualism played an crucial role in his life, greatly impacting his work, specifically â€Å"The Hound.† Additionally, his birthplace and upbringing, along with the time period, inveigled his writing. Furthermore, Doyle characterized the people in the story in along with real life scenarios. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle had an interesting life, full of upsRead MoreThe Life Of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle1536 Words   |  7 Pageswrites an extensive biography The Life of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. With a combination of the biography and Adler’s Individual Psychology one can paint a picture of who this famous man really was. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was born on May 22nd of 1859 to Charles Doyle and Mary Foley in Edwardian England, he was the third child but first boy born to the young couple. Eventually they had 9 children in all, 7 of which made it into adulthood and 2 of those were male. Mary adored young Arthur and filled his headRead MoreDeveloping my Linguistic Skills with Sherlock Holmes542 Words   |  2 Pages I came to know about the book Sherlock Holmes. I was amazed by the way Sir Arthur Conan Doyle carried the stories. The Authors who had written romantic stories might have fallen head over heels for a guy/girl, the stories they heard from their friends/neighbors, happened in their friends/neighbours lives might have inspired them and provoked them to write romantic novels. The Authors who had written their own biography, perhaps spent some time alone recollecting their good old memories, theirRead MoreAnalysis Of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle1214 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the most popular authors of all time is Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. His work is still used as a base for many different types of media made today. There are dozens of books, television shows, and movies patterned after his most well-known series starring Sherlock Holmes, who was first introduced in the book â€Å"A Study in Scarlet.† This character that he created has become a household name in not only his home country but the rest of the world as well. Unlike most past authors, Doyle’s work was popularRead MoreLiterary Figures Of The 20th Century1295 Words   |  6 PagesMacayla Jefferis Williams Writing 301 29 September 2015 Sherlock Holmes Sir Arthur Conan Doyle is not the most well-known author, but his characters are perhaps some of the most iconic literary figures of the nineteenth century. Sherlock Holmes, Doctor Watson, Professor Moriarty, and even Mrs. Hudson are all familiar to readers and non-readers world-wide. Over the course of his career, Conan Doyle published more than 50 short stories and novels about the brilliant detective Sherlock Holmes andRead MoreSir Arthur Conan Doyle Research Paper1893 Words   |  8 PagesSIR ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE’S LIFE AND SHERLOCK HOLMES Gabriel Bingei March 4, 2013 Mrs. Marie Thompson English In this paper, every OPINION from someone else has been acknowledged in a parenthetical citation. I realize that the mere presence of a parenthetical citation does not avoid plagiarism. If I have used the exact words, phrases, clauses, or sentences of someone else, I have enclosed that information in quotation marks; but I have stated those opinions in my own words. I have also introduced

Wittgenstein and Modern Philosophy A Review Free Essays

JUSTUS HARTNACK, Wittgenstein and Modern Philosophy (trans: Maurice Cranston, New York: Anchor Books, 1965) pp. (x+142). Paper. We will write a custom essay sample on Wittgenstein and Modern Philosophy: A Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now The book Wittgenstein and Modern Philosophy, written by Professor Justus Hartnack, was first published in Danish. Later this book was translated to English by Maurice Cranston who was the author of Freedom, What are Human Rights? , Jean-Paul Sartre and the standard biography of John Locke. Hartnack is also famous for his book Philosophical Problems. The book Wittgenstein and Modern Philosophy deals with the philosophy of the most famous contemporary philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein. This book covers over one hundred and forty two pages. It begins with a preface by the author. This book, having five chapters, is the interpretation of Wittgenstein’s philosophical works. The first chapter, under the title ‘Biographical Introduction’, dealt with the life history of Ludwig Wittgenstein—the most renowned figure of the time. He was a great philosopher who dedicated himself to the growth of philosophy. â€Å"†¦philosophy was his life† (p. 3). Though he made lectures on British universities, he was not at all English, but an Austrian Jew, living and working in England. He was born in Vienna in 1889, the son of a rich engineer. Initially he had a taste to engineering; but later, it transformed to mathematics and he became a disciple of Bertrand Russell in Cambridge University. At the outbreak of the First World War, he contributed a few years in the Austrian army. His first and the most famous book, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus was published in 1922. Indeed the language of the book is elusive, â€Å"it has had an enormous influence among philosophers† (p. 6). Its influence was particularly marked in the logical positivism that became so fashionable in the years between the wars. But the later teachings of Wittgenstein were contrasting to the former teachings. His The Philosophical Investigations (1953), which published only after his death marked a new beginning in the world of philosophy. Besides the above books, he was also the author of the book, The Blue and Brown Books (1958). His writings paved a place for Wittgenstein in the history of philosophy. The second chapter named ‘The Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus’ gives out a brief summary of Wittgenstein’s eighty pages book—Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. The author begins with the traditional notion of language—â€Å"consists of words and each word possesses meaning insofar as it stands for something† (p. 13). It is the search for the problem of philosophical assertions that brings out the serious errors in using the language. So, Russell in his Principia Mathematica comes up with the need of constructing a new language preserving the logical form. It was the beginning of symbolic logic. But Wittgenstein was not satisfied with this new language because â€Å"he did not think there was any need to construct a new language because he held that there is only one language† (p. 6). His book Tractatus shares this idea. The author expresses the content of Wittgenstein’s Tractatus in nine parts in this chapter. The world, thought and propositions nave the same logical form—world is represented by thought and it is expressed in words as propositions. So, according to Wittgenstein, â€Å"the world is the tot ality of facts, not of things† (p. 18). A thing is not itself a fact even the thing is bound up with the notion of a fact. The author uses the example: â€Å"It is a fact that my watch is lying on the table, but neither the watch nor the table is a fact† (p. 25). The thought and propositions serve as pictures of facts. This is known as ‘Picture Theory of Language’—language is a picture or model of facts. Pictures are models of reality and these are made up of elements that represent objects. The combination of objects in the picture represents the combination of objects in reality. So the function of the language is to represent the state of affairs in the world. But the proposition does not give a spatial representation of the fact; it is only a logical picture of the state of affairs. Then, Hartnack points out Wittgenstein’s concept of ‘mystical’. There are some facts â€Å"that would be nonsensical to discuss, describe or even to think, because language cannot logically be employed about it† (p. 40). He included all the ethical and spiritual values in the realm of mystical. It is something that is transcendental. The third chapter ‘The Tractatus and Logical Positivism’ says about the influence of Tractatus over logical positivism. The author divided this chapter into four parts. The first part comments on logical positivist’s conception of philosophy. For them, â€Å"the task of philosophy †¦is simply to clarify the meaning of such [philosophical] problems and propositions† (p. 6). It has nothing to do in providing information about reality. A better understanding of the meaning of propositions can be ascertained through ‘verification principle’—one understands the meaning of a proposition only of one knows how it could be verified. For example, the statement ‘I t is raining’ can be verified. But there are some other propositions that can’t be verified and it is called as ‘pseudo propositions’ similar to Wittgenstein’s ‘mystical’. In the following parts of the third chapter, the author discusses how the logical positivism differs from the ideas of Wittgenstein. It is believed by the positivist that Wittgenstein was the first one who had proposed the verification principle. Wittgenstein accepted the mystical propositions as genuine along with the empirical propositions. But positivists denied the assumption that mystical propositions are genuine for they cannot accept anything other than that is empirical. â€Å"†¦what cannot be said, and therefore cannot be thought, is not an expression of the limits of language. The reason for being silent is that there is nothing to speak about† (p. 55). The fourth chapter holds the same title, ‘The Philosophical Investigations’, of his second known book. This chapter speaks on the summary of Wittgenstein’s Investigations. This book is not a continuation of his own ‘Tractatus’; rather it is the repudiation of his views in ‘Tractatus’. The author explains its importance as: What gives the importance is that it contains the mature philosophy of Wittgenstein. It introduces a new chapter in the history of philosophy. It is not just a continuation or development of the thought of others. It is something wholly original (p. 62-63). The Investigations had a reference to St. Augustine’s Confessions. â€Å"St. Augustine fancied, according to Wittgenstein, that he had discovered what was essential to all languages, namely that all words should have a meaning and that the meaning of each was what it stood for† (p. 65). Augustine conceived of it as a ‘naming-game’, that is, as a language mastered by learning the names of different things. But Wittgenstein couldn’t approve this ‘naming-game’ and with a slight difference he introduced ‘language-game’ which had its foundation on the sense that the meaning of a word is its use in the language. He thought that in language we are playing with words. As we can’t find any resemblance in different games though they possess some similarities and relationships, we can’t find resemblance in our multiple ways of language use. Hartnack discusses: Language, no longer a picture of reality, is now seen as a tool†¦with variety of uses. Different words are like different tools in the toolbox. And just as there is no one use which is the essential use of all tools, there is no one essential use for words and sentences. (p. 75) Different language-games show a family resemblance as like the members of a family share many similar features, such as eye colour, hair, facial structure, etc,. However, there will be no one particular feature that they all share in common. So the different language-games are related to one another in many different ways. In Investigations, Wittgenstein made a gradual transition on the aim of philosophy. With a new view, philosophy aims at complete clarity. â€Å"[And] this complete clarity does not lead to the solution of problem, but to its disappearance† (p. 82). Why is to say that the problem disappear? It is because the origin of the philosophical perplexity is an error, or rather a misunderstanding—a misunderstanding of the logical grammar of the sentences concerned. When it has been healed, the source of the problem has not been ‘solved’, it has vanished. The role of philosophy is to show the path of liberation to the fly trapped in the fly bottle. In the last chapter ‘Contemporary Philosophical Investigations’, Hartnack says something about the philosophers who were very much influenced by Wittgenstein. He also tried to give a brief note on the papers and books published by those philosophers. Gilbert Ryle’s The Concept of Mind is the first book to be dealt with. It was published in 1949, four years before the Investigations, and it is not Wittgenstein in style, although there is no conflict on essential points; â€Å"but it is typically Wittgensteinian in that it treats philosophical problems as the consequence of the misunderstanding of the logic of concepts† (p. 119). Besides giving a short description, the author has not tried to go deep into the text. Following Ryle’s The Concept of Mind, Hartnack makes a brief study on Peter Strawson’s paper ‘On Referring’, where Strawson is attacking what he believes to be a mistaken conception of meaning. Strawson’s paper is Wittgensteinian in the sense that it argues that the meaning of a sentence is not what it refers to, but the rules for its correct use† (p. 121). He rejected Russell’s claim that every sentence must be true or false or meaningless. For Strawson, â€Å"a sentence is meaningful if there are rules for its use as an assertion† (p. 126). In the following two parts of the last chapter, author summarises ‘The Ascription of Responsibility and Rights’, the defense paper of Professor H. L. A. Hart and ‘On Grading’, the paper presented by the Oxford philosopher J. O. Urmson. The former is dealt with morality and jurisprudence. Here Hart made some similarities of the problems in philosophy and legal concepts. The latter studies the use of sentences that function as evaluations. Urmson works from the simple and homely example of grading apples. An apple can be graded either as good or as bad, based on its empirical properties. But â€Å"the logical structure of the sentence ‘This is good’ is quite distinct from any question about the validity or relevance of any criterion that may be invoked in support of it† (p. 42). The validity of the statement is not proved in this kind of evaluations. The book Wittgenstein and Modern Philosophy is really an excellent interpretation of Ludwig Wittgenstein’s philosophical works—Tractatus and Investigations. Hartnack had made a genuine effort to make this book marvelous. Though this book contributes nothing new to the world of philosophy, it shows a great honour to Wittgenstei n. Hartnack was successful in giving appropriate footnotes in places where the reader needs clarifications. But it is sorry to say that this book lacks index and the last chapter of this book is so vague. The author would have to pay a little more attention to these drawbacks. Excluding these drawbacks, this book is an awesome work. This book will be very useful to the philosophy students especially those who are making study exclusively on Wittgenstein. Even the translator re-produced the book in a simple and eloquent language. This book review will be incomplete unless I mention that the author showed justice to the works of Wittgenstein and even to the readers. How to cite Wittgenstein and Modern Philosophy: A Review, Essay examples

Ship Breaking Industries of Bangladesh free essay sample

The marine environment of the coastal water is vital to mankind on a global as well as on local basis concerning energy. Man is becoming a dominant part of the ecosystem in many regions, due to his various uses of the marine environment. So the health of marine ecosystem is an important factor in man own existence. The Bay of Bengal which is a potential bode of marine life as well as for it’s vast coastal communities is now continually polluted by different types of pollutant through influx of land base and other sources and put an alarming signal of awareness about pollution in the sea. The coastal areas of Chittagong Support a complex trophic organization sustain a high biodiversity including some endemic species and are highly susceptible to interference from activities. Coastal ecosystem makes a sustainable livelihood particularly to coastal fishing communities. Ship breaking yards along the coast of Chittagong (Faujdarhat to Kumira) has become a paramount importance in the macro-and micro-economic context of poverty- stricken Bangladesh. Shipbreaking activities present both challenge and opportunity for coastal zone management in holistic manner. The history of ship breaking is as nearly old as shipbuilding. As we know that a ship is relatively a large vessel capable of operating in the deep ocean. The term ‘vessels’ applies to the vessels of over 5000 tons and that can navigate in open seas. In Bangladesh ship breaking is popularly known as ‘Beaching’. Ship breaking started as a business in Bangladesh in 1972. Prior to that, 2/3 ships were scrapped during Pakistan period. It started automatically when a 20000 DWT vessel was drive ashore by the devastating tidal bore of 1965. That was the first ship scrapped on the 2 Chittagong sea beach. At present, ship breaking is conducted in an area of about 10 km by 32 out of 110 ship Breaking yards from Bhatiari, Sonaichhari, kumira under the Sitakunda upazilla of Chittagong. The Department of Environment (DoE) has categorized the Ship Breaking Industry (SBI) as ‘Red’ in 1995(EIA guidelines for the Industries, 1997). The Environmental Impact assessment (EIA) is not conducted before the establishment of SBI. As there is no monitoring cell, the Shipyard owners are operating their business overwhelmingly as well as indiscriminately. They are less conscious about hazards, toxicity and environmental pollution whereas more conscious about their benefit. Wastes of the scrapped ships are discharged directly into its adjacent areas which are ultimately draining into the Bay of Bengal. These wastes especially oil and oily substances, PCBs, TBTs, PAHs etc. and different types of trace and heavy metals (Cd, Pb, and Hg) are being accumulated into the marine biota. As a result, marine fisheries diversity of the Chittagong coast that supports highly diversified marine water fishes, mollusks and benthic organisms etc. is at the stake right at this moment. Moreover the Coastal inhabitants/fisher folks lead not only their livelihoods but also solely depend on the coastal resources for their protein source. The CPUE (Catch Per Unit effort) has drastically been reduced to more than half comparatively of a few decades ago. As a consequence, the coastal fisher folks are at the stake of their existence. They are either leaving their hereditary profession or migrating to other places and becoming ‘environmental refugees’. That is why their socio-economic status is below the poverty level. There are few studies was done to find out the linkage between Ship breaking activity (SBA) and the marine pollution, impact on fisheries biodiversity and livelihoods of the fishermen community. In those researches, investigators considered Bhatiary to Kumira as affected area and Sandwip Island as control area from the shipbreaking activity. The eastern side of Sandwip has been considered as control site because these are diagonally opposite and off the SBYs and the water and soil qualities are apparently free from pollutants as revealed from the earlier studies. From the previous analysis we found that trace metals concentration in sediments at shipbreaking area are so much higher than recommendation by GESAMP (Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution). But the researchers found that Sandwip which is significantly very lower than that of sediments at affected area. The values of Lead (Pb), Cadmium(Cd) and Mercury(Hg) found six and half; eight and half and ninety four times higher than that of certified values respectively. These could be attributed to the combined effects of oil and oil spillage, petroleum hydrocarbons from ships, tankers, mechanized boats etc. During the investigation all the researcher found water qualities such as Hydrogen Ion H Concentration (p ), Dissolve Oxygen (D. O), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B. O. D), Chemical Oxygen Demand (C. O. D), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Oil and Ammonia (NH3) were concentrated as a higher value in affected area than control area according to the standard value of water quality for the coastal water of Bangladesh (EQS, 1991). All the parameters observed such a higher that they exceeded the value of EQS. But the water parameters in Sandwip channel were optimum and near to the value of EQS standard. Water qualities in affected area exceeded the EQS standard which reveals that the water body of the adjacent area of ship breaking yards is not suitable for the existence of flora and fauna. The higher concentration was due to the discharge of various refuse oils and oily substances, dyes, chemicals, iron pieces, various types of metal rusts, solids, dyes, erosion of soil dust etc. from the ship breaking yards. Pollutants are also discharged from the Sitakunda industrial area into the run-off open to the Bay. Impact of Marine Biodiversity: Biodiversity, which is sort for biological diversity, is the term used to describe the whole variety of life on earth. In popular usage, the word biodiversity is often used to describe all the species living in a particular area. Biodiversity can be summarized as â€Å"Life on earth. † It is defined as â€Å" The varieties of life on earth at all its levels, from genes to ecosystem, and the ecological and evolutionary processes that sustain it. † The total biodiversity of an area can be broken down into two hierarchical components: the number of functional types of organisms (animals and plants) or ecosystems (forest, prairie, tundra and marine intertidal) and the number of functionally equivalent organisms within each functional type. There are three types of aspects to biodiversity: species diversity, genetic diversity and ecosystem diversity. All three interact and change over time and from place to place. Phytoplankton is the primary food producers of the aquatic habitat and plays an important role in the food chain. Phytoplankton is the best index of the biological productivity. Analysis of phytoplankton showed that during monsoon, Aanabaena , Clostratrum(10. 98%) and Coscinodiscus(21. 97%), Euglena (9. 89%) and Zygnema (30. 76%) and during post monsoon Coscinodiscus (97. 5%) and Euglena (2. 5%) dominated in the affected site. In the control site of Sandwip, these were dominated as 30. 41%, 19. 46%; 17. 03%; 9. 73%; 23. 35% in the monsoon and 94. 73% and 5. 26% respectively in the post monsoon. Throughout the study period the abundance of phytoplankton at affected site was 91 cells/ l in monsoon season and 80 cells/ l in post monsoon season and in control site it was 411 cells/l in monsoon season and 190 cells / l in post monsoon season. Drifting small floating animals, in the water body are collectively known as zooplankton on which the whole aquatic life depends directly or indirectly. As zooplankton is very sensitive to optimum condition, so the coastal pollution due to ship breaking activities may have profound affects on its survival and occurrence. Analysis of zooplankton showed that Calanoida, Cyclopedia, Sagitta, Lucifer etc in the monsoon and Calanoida; Acetes shrimp; Lucifer and Zoea in the post monsoon were dominated in the affected site as revealed during zooplankton analysis whereas in the control site the dominant zooplankton were found as Calanoida, Cylpclpedia, Sagitta and Zoea during the post monsoon and Calanoida; Acetes shrimp, Lucifer, Cladocera and Zoea in the post monsoon respectively. The bottom living organisms –the benthos play an important role in the food chain especially in the inter tidal zone and it is also well recognized that the richest fisheries of the world are closely related to the benthic communities. Among the macro benthos, Amphipods, Polychaetes, Nemertina and Fish egg in the monsoon and Nemertina, Cladocera, Cyclopoida and Calanoida were found to be dominated at the affected site. But at the control site, Amphipod, Polychaete, Nemertina, Fish egg during the monsoon and Cladocera, Nemertina , Calanoida and Polychaete in the post monsoon were dominated So, the abundance of macro benthos in affected site was 118. 46 ind. / m3 in monsoon season and 4186. 74 ind. / m3 in post monsoon season, while in in the control site 368. 28 ind. / m3 in monsoon season and 14204. 41 ind. / m3 in post monsoon season. The fishery resources of the area seems to be affected by the ship breaking activities as revealed by increased fishing efforts, reduced species diversity, increased amount of trash fish. Horizontal expansion of the ship breaking yards has posed threat not only to the diversified coastal resources but also on the adjacent coastal inhabitants specially the fisher folks. The fishing hamlets of this study were found backward in the field of primary education and health that are the basic needs for them. Communication and drinking water supply were observed satisfactory but the sanitation status was found to be very poor. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) study showed that about 90% of them were local and full time fishermen and 10% were migratory of different districts including Bhola, Barisal, Mymensingh and others. The fisher folks are dissatisfied with different NGO activities working in this area. No government aid was found to be available for the welfare of fishermen communities. The catch has declined in the tune of at least 50 to 60% of what was two decades ago. This incident has got serious implication in the context of survival of such a disgraced community. It was found that about 70% of the fishermen had either nets or boats or both of them. They use both mechanized and non-mechanized boats and some traditional fishing crafts (Dinghi) for fishing. Among the fishing nets Set Beg Net (Behundi Jal) and Gill Net (Ilish Jal) were found to be widely used. Though the gears are available for fishing, they can catch a very little amount in every effort. They uniquely reported that the fish catch had been reduced more than half of the previous time. Analysis of catch composition indicates that some commercially important fishes like Indian salmon (Polynemus indicus) commonly known as Lakhua, grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) known as bole coral; Long jew fish (Otolithoides brunneus) locally known as lombu fish; spanish mackerel (Cybium guttatum) known as maitta and butter fish (Psenes indicus) etc are in endangered position. Some other commercially important fishes like River shad (Tenualusa ilisha) Jwelled shad (Ilisha filigera) locally known as choikka; mud skipper (Gobies); mango fish (Polynemus paradysius) known as ‘Hriska Machh’; silver pomfret (Stromateus chinensis); bombay duck (Herpodon nehereus); mullet ( Mugil cephalus); Sea bass (Lates calcarifer); Anchovy(Coilia dussumeri; Coilia ramkorati; Setipinna taty) etc are reduced in catch. Many coastal fishermen are leaving their hereditary profession and moving around everyday as ‘environmental refugees’ from a state of unemployed and poverty to underemployment and grim poverty. Due to the deterioration of the water body, fishes are moving away from this area into the deep sea. But the poor fishermen with small fishing boats can hardly fish at deep seas the creditors and swindlers are taking this chances and rush to lend money and thus make them run into debt. The fishermen also reported that while they catch fish at sea they face piracy. They also face the muscle man, middle man and swindlers when they return with fewer amounts of fish.. These criminals snatch away the fishes forcefully. The fishermen are exploited by the dealers in dadon (earnest money). It is made obligatory that the middleman determines the price of fish in the season of fish. They are to sell fish to the lenders at a nominal or throwaway price. The middlemen indulge in maintaining miscreants to exercise their authority over them. Before the season of fish they borrow 4/5 thousand Taka from the dadonders (Buyers cum earnest money lenders) to repair the boat which lead them run into debt. Generally the months of MarchApril-May (Falgoon-Chaitra-Baishakh) are the â€Å"season of scarcity† as reported by the fishermen during PRA survey. At this time they require at least Tk. 4000/5000 to repair their boats, nets and for other incidental expenses. Most of the fishermen opined that Ship Breaking Activity (SBA) creates problems to them and the rest did not respond. Besides, 90% of the villagers of the vicinity were anxious about their existence in future. Their nets for the catching fish become stuck with oil and impurities. They suffer from respiratory difficulties, sonic booms, explosions, lightning, fumes, toxic chemicals and skin diseases. It is clear from the sociological study that coastal fish species diversity has been reduced due to the ship breaking activities. The fishermen’s hereditary profession is now at the vulnerable position due to the Ship Breaking Activity (SBA); less access to credit etc. But the most interesting thing is that they are not conscious about their rights and deprivation. The increasing SBA is depleting the fishery resources which simultaneously decreasing catch per unit effort (CPUE). So this trend is provoking the fisher folks to change their livelihoods for what they never feel comfort and safe. Land grabbing by the yard owners also occurs sometime. Expansion of the yard shrinks the area of the fishing villages. They have to leave their space with a very nominal price. They have rights over only 200 feet of the seashore where they dry nets and anchor boats. Erosion of the village by sea wave action threatened the fishing village’s decade after decade. It started in sixties and nearly half a kilometer of the village has disappeared into the sea. Now at least 20,000 people engaged in catching fish are at the stake of their existence.

Impact of Depreciation Method Different Financial Statements

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Depreciation Method for Different Financial Statements. Answer: 1(b) The information on depreciation is disclosed in three different financial statements namely the income statement, the balance sheet and the cash flow statements. All these transmit valuable knowledge to the reader of the annual report of a company. The same is enumerated below: Income Statement: The amount of depreciation calculated is reflected in the income statement of a company for the reporting period under the head operating expenses. The readers of the income statement come to know about the amount of non-cash expense the company has incurred and the benefit it has made in terms of savings in tax. Further it also proves that the company is running into profits and has adequate funds for replacement of the asset in future (Merritt, 2015). Cash Flow Statement: The readers of a cash flow statement are interested to know about the actual liquidity status of the company thus the depreciation amount forms an -integral part of the said statement. It is a non-cash item hence elimination of the same becomes mandatory so as to know the actual cash profit the company has made. The cash flow statement also focuses on the impact that the depreciation amount has over the liquidity position of the firm. Balance Sheet: The next important statement where the disclosure of depreciation is important for the readers knowledge is the balance sheet of a company. The balance sheet clearly shows the total depreciation charged since the acquisition of the asset and the present residual value expected of the same (Murray, 2016). Also the matching concept used in accountancy clearly shows that the cost of an asset will be attributed as an expense over a period of time. 2. The Marsupial Family, owner of Kangaroo Express a medium sized company is eyeing at raising capital for expansion. The three alternatives that the company can look at are bank overdraft facilities, mortgages and alternative investment market or second tier market floatation. However each method has attached with it certain risks and returns which are enumerated as under: BANK OVERDRAFT: This form of financing is the easiest that a medium sized firm can avail wherein the bank would provide the firm with a limit of withdrawing cash over and above the actual amount in the firms bank account. Availing of the bank OD facility ensures that the liquidity flow is not hampered and thus enables maintenance of a healthy payment track. This mode of finance is easy to avail as well as cost effective. Its flexible nature does not force a person to take the entire OD amount if not required. The company would benefit in terms of interest expense as it would be charged interest only on the amount of OD facility availed and not the OD limit given by the respective bank. However the risk involved with this kind of facility is that the rate of interest charged is very high and there always is a risk of a decrease in the OD limit set by the bank since it is temporary in nature and a regular revisit of the same is done (Fontinelle, 2014). MORTGAGE LOAN: This form of financing for expansion enables a company to secure loan against any asset such as building, land or plant and machinery backed by personal guarantee of the owner of the medium sized company. The biggest risk is that failure to pay would make the personal assets of the guarantor also liable for making good for the loan (Palermo, 2014). Further there is a liability to repay monthly even though the company does not perform well. However apart from the same the said kind of financing enables a lower rate of interest and larger tenure (Matic et.al. 2012). ALTERNATIVE INVESTMENT MARKET: The said mode of raising capital allows a sub market wherein the small and medium sized companies can raise funds by floating shares in a more flexible yet regulated system. From the past 20 years the Australian corporate houses have increased the use of the bond markets for the purpose of debt financing. The increase accessibility to the international market has enabled the development of the secondary bond market (Lepone, Wright, 2014). 3. Decision making within a company is highly influenced by the information published by management accountants. The rules and regulations spelt out by management accounting guidelines is not as strict as financial accounting, thus giving the leverage of presenting the information in a more detailed manner. It is used for only internal business processes. Thus adequate ethical standards should be maintained during managerial accounting. The APES110 Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants has the code of ethics for the professional accountants as is issued by the International Ethics Standard Board for Accountants (IESBA) (Charteredaccountants.com, 2016). Its importance can be viewed to the context of development of adequate trust in an employer-employee relationship and the managers who assure ethics in their behavioural pattern provide guaranteed and quality information to the decision makers (Taicu, 2007). The lack of business ethics has led to various corporate scandals and scams and affected huge number of investors and customers as in the case of The national Australia Bank which failed due to a lack in the performance of the management accountants and weak internal governance controls (Thomson, Jain, 2006). The management accountants stands in a fiduciary relationship with the client as well the employer and therefore it is their moral duty to maintain confidentiality of information, honesty in their performance and commitment towards presenting the true picture to the decision makers. They should also not support the wrongs being done by the decision makers and ensure to take a stand against the same since they have a duty to wards the investors also. Therefore as a management accountant, a professional should adhere to the highest standards of ethics and ensure that the information presented to the decision makers are true and fair. Thus they have a legitimate responsibility towards the society as well along with the employees and the investors. Thus there access to sensitive and confidential database automatically entails them with a responsibility of due diligence and care (Lohrey, 2016). 4. A companys financial statements portray some strengths as well as weaknesses of a company which assist in making decisions whether to opt for the particular company as a supplier or not. First and foremost the financial statement enables one to know whether the company is running into profits or not and its inventory and accounts receivable turnover ratio. These ratios are very important for determining the stability of a company. Thus the biggest strength of a financial statement is that it provides adequate data for calculation of financial ratios. Further the notes to financial statements are also acting as a strength in using the same for deciding whether to act upon a particular company as a viable supplier, since these notes clarify data about certain contingent liabilities of the firm which is important in determining the going concern theory. But it has certain weaknesses also which may act as a hindrance in assisting stability and potential growth of possible suppliers. I t does not portray the economic conditions in monetary terms and thus fails to account for the unrest that exists in its area of operations. This is where the stability of the firm cannot be judged via financial statements only. A standard set of financial statements enables one to know about the liquidity position of a company basis its cash flow statement. The income statement enables one to know about the profitability of a company as well as its operational efficiency and a balance sheet enables to deliver the position for the company as on a particular date with regards it assets and liabilities and the capital structure composition (Loth, 2015). The limitations of financial statements are: The financial statements do not portray the final picture of an entity which can be understood only once the same goes into liquidation. Historical cost method ensures that the financial statements do not account for the present economic scenario in vogue. There are some factors which are very important for the financial readers for enabling decision making but the same cannot be measured in financial terms hence do not form a part of the financial statements (Yongkui, 2013). Therefore, I would look at the liquidity ratio, inventory turnover ratio, debtors turnover ratio and such similar financial ratios which would enable to determine the financial and liquidity stability of the firm. Further to the same the interest coverage ratio, profitability ratios and the capital structure ratios would enable me to judge whether the company ahs the potential to attract further capital for growth. If it has not been servicing its interest component on time or there has been consistent failures in adhering to the terms and conditions posed by the financial institutions or the investors are not getting the adequate returns as expected and promised then the same may face problems in attracting fresh capital. References: Boundless, (2016), Impact of Depreciation Method.,Boundless Accounting Available at : https://www.boundless.com/accounting/textbooks/boundless-accounting-textbook/controlling-and-reporting-of-real-assets-property-plant-equipment-and-natural-resources-6/depreciation-of-assets-44/impact-of-depreciation-method-244-11162/ (Accessed 30th August 2016) Charteredaccountants.com, (2016), The regulatory and co-regulatory framework in Australia, Available at https://www.charteredaccountants.com.au/Industry-Topics/Practice-management/Certificate-of-Public-Practice/The-regulatory-and-co-regulatory-framework-in-Australia (Accessed 15th September 2016) Lepone, A., Wright, D., (2014), Capital Market Structure Comparisons, Available at https://www.fsc.org.au/downloads/file/policyresearch/_FSC_Report_Market_Structure.pdf (Accessed 15th September 2016) Lohrey, J., (2016), Summarizing the Role of Ethics in Managerial Accounting, Available at https://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/summarizing-role-ethics-managerial-accounting-27684.html (Accessed 15th September 2016) Loth, R., (2015), Understanding the Income Statement, Available at https://www.investopedia.com/articles/04/022504.asp, (Accessed 30th August 2016) Matic, M., Gorajek, A., Stewart, C., (2012), Small Business Funding in Australia, Available at https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/workshops/other/small-bus-fin-roundtable-2012/pdf/02-small-bus-funding-aus.pdf (Accessed 15th September 2016) Merritt, C., (2015), What is the Impact of Depreciation Expense on Profitability, Available at https://smallbusiness.chron.com/impact-depreciation-expense-profitability-55349.html (Accessed 30th August 2016) Murray, J., (2016), How is Depreciation Shown on Financial and Tax Documents,? Available at https://www.thebalance.com/how-is-depreciation-shown-on-financial-and-tax-documents-397880 (Accessed 30th August 2016) Palermo, E., (2014), Debt vs Equity Financing : Whats the Best Choice For Your Business?, Business News Daily, Available at https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/6363-debt-vs-equity-financing.html (Accessed 30th August 2016) Taicu, M., (2007), Ethics in Management Accounting, Scientific Bulletin Economic Sciences- Accounting , Statistics and Financial Analysis, Vol. 9, no. 15, pp. 93-98 The Forbes, (2013, June 3), Depreciation: Straight Line Vs. Double Declining Methods, Available at https://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/investing/article-2886138/Winners-losers-alternative-investment-market.html (Accessed 30th August 2016) Thomson, D., Jain, A., (2006), Corporate Governance Failure and its impact on National Australia Banks Performance, Journal of Business Case Studies, vol.2, no.1, pp. 41-56 Yongkui, Z., (2013), Limitations of Financial Statements and Disclosure of Core Information, Journal of Applied Sciences, vol. 13, no. 13, pp. 2505-2511